To facilitate green hydrogen projects, several state governments have approved policies and projects

 To facilitate green hydrogen projects, several state governments have approved policies and projects, with Andhra Pradesh approving a green ammonia plant in Kakinada and Uttar Pradesh approving a green hydrogen policy and thermal plant units. 

Here's a summary of state-level approvals and initiatives related to green hydrogen projects:

State-Level Approvals and Initiatives:

Andhra Pradesh:

Approved the establishment of a 1.0 MMTPA green hydrogen-based green ammonia manufacturing plant at Kakinada by AM Green Ammonia (India) Private Limited, as per the provisions of the AP Integrated Clean Energy Policy, 2024 (ICEP). 

Uttar Pradesh:

Approved a green hydrogen policy and a proposal for setting up two units of 800 MW in Anpara in collaboration with NTPC at a cost of Rs 8,624 crore. 

The policy includes provisions for subsidies on capital expenditure, energy banking, and exemptions in electricity duty. 

Other States:

The Indian government has identified 10 potential states for manufacturing green hydrogen: Karnataka, Odisha, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal. 

Karnataka aims to build India's first green hydrogen manufacturing cluster or district. 

Tamil Nadu has approved ACME Group's green hydrogen and ammonia project. 

The Government of Himachal Pradesh has incorporated provisions in the Himachal Pradesh Energy Policy 2021, to promote the Green Hydrogen Energy Storage. 

Central Government Initiatives:

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is implementing the National Green Hydrogen Mission, with an outlay of ₹ 19,744 crores. 

The mission aims to accelerate the deployment of green hydrogen as a clean energy source. 

The Ministry has issued Scheme Guidelines for implementation of Pilot Projects for use of Green Hydrogen in the Transport Sector. 

The Ministry has also waived Interstate Transmission System (ISTS) charges for 25 years for green hydrogen and green ammonia production units using renewable energy. 

The Ministry has designated the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) as the nodal authority responsible for accrediting agencies for the monitoring, verification, and certification of Green Hydrogen projects. 

The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Laboratory Recognition Scheme (LRS) recognizes laboratories, both in India and abroad,

 The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Laboratory Recognition Scheme (LRS) recognizes laboratories, both in India and abroad, to conduct testing for conformity assessment, ensuring product quality and safety in line with Indian Standards, and boosting consumer confidence. 

Here's a more detailed breakdown of the BIS Laboratory Recognition Scheme:

Purpose and Objectives:

Conformity Assessment:

The LRS aims to recognize laboratories capable of conducting product testing for conformity assessment, ensuring products meet Indian Standards (IS). 

Strengthening BIS Schemes:

By recognizing competent laboratories, BIS strengthens its conformity assessment schemes and boosts consumer confidence. 

Efficiency and Accessibility:

The scheme enables faster, more efficient testing, empowering both private and government laboratories, and streamlining the testing process. 

Economic Viability:

It is not economically viable for BIS to develop testing facilities for all products, so the LRS aims to have a sufficient number of outside laboratories to cater to the needs of various conformity assessment schemes. 

How it Works:

Legal Basis:

The scheme is governed by the provisions under Section 13 (4) of the BIS Act 2016 and Rule 32 of the BIS Rules, 2018. 

Recognition Criteria:

To be recognized, a laboratory must meet accreditation standards under IS/ISO/IEC 17025, possess necessary testing facilities, ensure impartial operations, and adhere to BIS regulations. 

Scope:

The scheme covers laboratories both inside and outside India. 

BIS Certification:

The BIS certification indicates third party assurance of any product's quality, reliability, and safety to the customers. 

ISO/IEC 17025 aims to ensure that laboratories are competent, impartial, and operate consistently to produce reliable and valid testing and calibration results.

 ISO/IEC 17025 is an international standard for testing and calibration laboratories, specifying requirements for their competence, impartiality, and consistent operation to ensure reliable and accurate results. It serves as a Quality Management System (QMS) for laboratories, helping them improve processes and demonstrate their ability to produce valid results. 

Here's a more detailed breakdown:

Purpose:

ISO/IEC 17025 aims to ensure that laboratories are competent, impartial, and operate consistently to produce reliable and valid testing and calibration results. 

Scope:

The standard applies to all organizations performing laboratory activities, regardless of the number of personnel. 

Key Requirements:

Competence: Laboratories must demonstrate their ability to perform specific tests or calibrations. 

Impartiality: Laboratories must be free from any bias or influence that could compromise their results. 

Consistent Operation: Laboratories must have procedures and systems in place to ensure that their operations are consistent and repeatable. 

Benefits of Implementation:

Enhanced Credibility: Demonstrates a laboratory's commitment to quality and accuracy. 

Improved Confidence: Builds confidence in the laboratory's results among customers, regulatory bodies, and other stakeholders. 

Facilitates International Trade: Promotes acceptance of test reports and certificates across borders, reducing the need for redundant testing. 

Continuous Improvement: Encourages laboratories to identify and address areas for improvement. 

Relationship to Accreditation:

ISO/IEC 17025 is the basis for accreditation, which is a formal recognition of a laboratory's competence. 

Key Elements:

Management Requirements: Focuses on the performance and efficiency of the QMS within the laboratory. 

Technical Requirements: Focuses on the competencies of employees, testing methodology, equipment, and the test and calibration results. 

Recent Revision:

The latest version of the standard is ISO/IEC 17025:2017. 

Document Control:

ISO 17025 requires laboratories to establish procedures for document control to ensure that all relevant documents, including test methods, procedures, and records, are properly maintained and accessible to authorized personnel. 

Hazop study Green Ammonia plant

 Hazop study for green ammonia plant systematically analyzes potential hazards and operability issues within the process, identifying deviations from design intent and proposing mitigation measures for a safer and more efficient plant operation. 

Here's a more detailed breakdown of what a HAZOP study entails in the context of a green ammonia plant:

What is a HAZOP Study?

Purpose:

To identify potential hazards and operability problems in a process plant, including green ammonia plants, before they escalate into serious incidents. 

Method:

A structured, team-based approach that systematically examines each process step, equipment, and parameter to identify potential deviations from the intended design and operation. 

Focus:

Identifying potential problems that could lead to safety hazards, operational issues, or environmental damage. 

Key Objectives:

Identify potential hazards associated with ammonia synthesis, renewable energy integration, and storage. 

Assess the likelihood and consequences of each hazard. 

Propose mitigation measures to minimize risks. 

Facilitate regulatory compliance and adherence to safety standards. 

Specific Considerations for Green Ammonia Plants:

Green Hydrogen Production:

Green ammonia production relies on green hydrogen, which is produced using renewable energy sources like solar, wind, or hydro power through electrolysis of water. 

Ammonia Synthesis:

The process involves combining hydrogen with nitrogen to produce ammonia, a process that can be hazardous due to high pressures and temperatures. 

Renewable Energy Integration:

The integration of renewable energy sources introduces new challenges and risks, such as intermittency of renewable energy sources and potential grid instability. 

Ammonia Storage and Handling:

Ammonia is a flammable and toxic gas, posing significant safety risks during storage and handling. 

HAZOP Focus Areas:

Electrolysis: Potential hazards related to the electrolysis process, including hydrogen generation, purity, and safety. 

Ammonia Synthesis: Hazards associated with the ammonia synthesis reactor, including temperature control, pressure management, and potential runaway reactions. 

Storage and Distribution: Risks related to ammonia storage, transportation, and distribution, including leaks, spills, and explosions. 

Renewable Energy Integration: Potential hazards related to the integration of renewable energy sources, such as grid instability and power outages. 

Benefits of a HAZOP Study:

Improved Safety:

Identifying and mitigating potential hazards can significantly improve the safety of the plant and its personnel. 

Enhanced Operability:

Addressing operability issues can improve the plant's efficiency and reliability. 

Cost Savings:

Addressing potential problems early in the design phase can prevent costly repairs or shutdowns later on. 

Regulatory Compliance:

A thorough HAZOP study can help ensure compliance with relevant safety regulations and standards.  for a safer and more efficient plant operation. 

Here's a more detailed breakdown of what a HAZOP study entails in the context of a green ammonia plant:

What is a HAZOP Study?

Purpose:

To identify potential hazards and operability problems in a process plant, including green ammonia plants, before they escalate into serious incidents. 

Method:

A structured, team-based approach that systematically examines each process step, equipment, and parameter to identify potential deviations from the intended design and operation. 

Focus:

Identifying potential problems that could lead to safety hazards, operational issues, or environmental damage. 

Key Objectives:

Identify potential hazards associated with ammonia synthesis, renewable energy integration, and storage. 

Assess the likelihood and consequences of each hazard. 

Propose mitigation measures to minimize risks. 

Facilitate regulatory compliance and adherence to safety standards. 

Specific Considerations for Green Ammonia Plants:

Green Hydrogen Production:

Green ammonia production relies on green hydrogen, which is produced using renewable energy sources like solar, wind, or hydro power through electrolysis of water. 

Ammonia Synthesis:

The process involves combining hydrogen with nitrogen to produce ammonia, a process that can be hazardous due to high pressures and temperatures. 

Renewable Energy Integration:

The integration of renewable energy sources introduces new challenges and risks, such as intermittency of renewable energy sources and potential grid instability. 

Ammonia Storage and Handling:

Ammonia is a flammable and toxic gas, posing significant safety risks during storage and handling. 

HAZOP Focus Areas:

Electrolysis: Potential hazards related to the electrolysis process, including hydrogen generation, purity, and safety. 

Ammonia Synthesis: Hazards associated with the ammonia synthesis reactor, including temperature control, pressure management, and potential runaway reactions. 

Storage and Distribution: Risks related to ammonia storage, transportation, and distribution, including leaks, spills, and explosions. 

Renewable Energy Integration: Potential hazards related to the integration of renewable energy sources, such as grid instability and power outages. 

Benefits of a HAZOP Study:

Improved Safety:

Identifying and mitigating potential hazards can significantly improve the safety of the plant and its personnel. 

Enhanced Operability:

Addressing operability issues can improve the plant's efficiency and reliability. 

Cost Savings:

Addressing potential problems early in the design phase can prevent costly repairs or shutdowns later on. 

Regulatory Compliance:

A thorough HAZOP study can help ensure compliance with relevant safety regulations and standards. 

In gas chromatography (GC), 10 common types of detectors include Flame Ionization Detector (FID), Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD), Electron Capture Detector (ECD), Nitrogen-Phosphorus Detector (NPD), Flame Photometric Detector (FPD), Mass Spectrometer (MS), Photoionization Detector (PID), Helium Ionization Detector (HID), Thermionic Detector (TID), and Atomic Emission Detector (AED).

 

In gas chromatography (GC), 10 common types of detectors include Flame Ionization Detector (FID), Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD), Electron Capture Detector (ECD), Nitrogen-Phosphorus Detector (NPD), Flame Photometric Detector (FPD), Mass Spectrometer (MS), Photoionization Detector (PID), Helium Ionization Detector (HID), Thermionic Detector (TID), and Atomic Emission Detector (AED). 

Here's a more detailed look at these detectors:

1. Flame Ionization Detector (FID):

Mechanism: Burns the sample in a hydrogen/air flame, ionizing the resulting particles, and measuring the resulting electrical current. 

Advantages: High sensitivity, linear response, and ruggedness. 

Disadvantages: Destructive to the sample, and less sensitive to non-hydrocarbon compounds. 

Applications: General-purpose detector for organic compounds. 

2. Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD):

Mechanism: Measures the change in thermal conductivity of the carrier gas as the sample elutes.

Advantages: Non-destructive, simple, and can detect a wide range of compounds.

Disadvantages: Low sensitivity.

Applications: Useful for analyzing non-volatile compounds and gases. 

3. Electron Capture Detector (ECD):

Mechanism: Uses radioactive material (e.g., nickel-63) to ionize the carrier gas, and the sample interacts with the resulting electrons. 

Advantages: High sensitivity and selectivity for compounds with electronegative functional groups (e.g., halogens, nitrates, and conjugated carbonyls). 

Disadvantages: Limited linear range, and potentially dangerous due to radioactivity. 

Applications: Detection of pesticides, herbicides, and other environmental pollutants. 

4. Nitrogen-Phosphorus Detector (NPD):

Mechanism:

Detects nitrogen and phosphorus-containing compounds by measuring the ions produced during combustion at high temperatures.

Advantages:

High sensitivity and selectivity for nitrogen and phosphorus-containing compounds.

Disadvantages:

Less sensitive to other compounds.

Applications:

Analysis of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and other nitrogen- and phosphorus-containing compounds. 

5. Flame Photometric Detector (FPD):

Mechanism: Measures the light emitted by the flame when sulfur or phosphorus compounds are burned.

Advantages: Selective for sulfur and phosphorus compounds.

Disadvantages: Less sensitive than other detectors for non-sulfur/phosphorus compounds. 

6. Mass Spectrometer (MS):

Mechanism: Separates ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio, providing detailed structural information about the sample.

Advantages: High selectivity and sensitivity, and can provide structural information.

Disadvantages: More expensive and complex than other detectors. 

7. Photoionization Detector (PID):

Mechanism: Ionizes compounds with a UV lamp, and measures the resulting ions.

Advantages: Sensitive to volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Disadvantages: Less sensitive than other detectors for non-VOCs. 

8. Helium Ionization Detector (HID):

Mechanism: Similar to PID, but uses helium as the carrier gas, and measures the ions produced by helium ionization.

Advantages: High sensitivity and selectivity.

Disadvantages: Less common than other detectors. 

9. Thermionic Detector (TID):

Mechanism: Detects nitrogen and phosphorus compounds by measuring the ions produced during combustion at high temperatures.

Advantages: Selective for nitrogen and phosphorus compounds.

Disadvantages: Less sensitive than other detectors for non-nitrogen/phosphorus compounds. 

10. Atomic Emission Detector (AED):

Mechanism: Measures the light emitted by the sample when it is excited in a plasma.

Advantages: Can detect a wide range of elements. 

AP Rains Alert: Low Pressure in Bay of Bengal to Bring Rainfall Across Andhra Pradesh for Next 2 Days

Andhra Pradesh

AP Rains Alert: Low Pressure in Bay of Bengal to Bring Rainfall Across Andhra Pradesh for Next 3 Days (07.04.2025)

Andhra Pradesh is likely to experience significant relief from the intense summer heat, as the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) has forecast moderate to heavy rainfall across the state over the next three days.

Andhra Pradesh is likely to experience significant relief from the intense summer heat, as the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) has forecast moderate to heavy rainfall across the state over the next three days. This change in weather is attributed to the development of a low-pressure area in the Bay of Bengal expected by April 8.

Table of Contents

IMD Predicts Drop in Temperatures Across the State

Weather Systems Behind the Rainfall

Regions to Experience Moderate to Heavy Rainfall

High Temperatures Recorded Before Rainfall Alert

IMD Predicts Drop in Temperatures Across the State

Due to the formation of a low-pressure zone, temperatures are expected to drop across coastal and inland Andhra Pradesh. The IMD stated that widespread rainfall is expected throughout the state, bringing much-needed cooling relief to residents affected by the ongoing heatwave.

Weather Systems Behind the Rainfall

The current weather system includes:

A trough extending from North and Central Maharashtra to North Tamil Nadu at an altitude of 0.9 km above sea level.

A cyclonic circulation over southeast Bay of Bengal and nearby regions extending up to 5.8 km above sea level.

These systems are facilitating the formation of a low-pressure area that will move toward Bangladesh and Myanmar while influencing weather patterns across Andhra Pradesh.

Regions to Experience Moderate to Heavy Rainfall

Several districts in Coastal Andhra Pradesh are likely to receive moderate to heavy rains, particularly due to the low-pressure impact. The IMD has advised residents in these regions to stay updated with local weather warnings and advisories.

High Temperatures Recorded Before Rainfall Alert

Before the rain forecast, temperatures soared in many parts of the state:

Kurnool, Prakasam, Nandyala, Srikakulam, and Palnadu recorded temperatures over 40°C.

North Coastal Andhra saw temperatures between 39°C and 41°C.

Rayalaseema region reported even higher heat levels, ranging between 41°C and 43°C.

Emergency and business continuity planning

 Emergency and business continuity planning

Additionally, and no less important as a key aspect as a safety barrier, is the necessary planning for emergencies and business continuity , which will establish an organized response from all human and material resources to limit consequences in the event of an accident.

Regarding the organization and human resources, it is imperative to establish the operations in the emergency plan, as well as the action procedures to be followed. With regard to the latter, the insurance industry also recommends creating and implementing the Fire Pre Plan for each accident scenario that could involve hydrogen or other substances such as oxygen, as well as in the process equipment (electrolyzers, compressors, storage, etc.). The Fire Pre Plans provide, for example, a detailed map of the area and scope of consequences, available firefighting/emergency resources to be used or mobilized, nearby affected hot or critical equipment, action instructions for operational personnel or emergency teams.

In addition, elements such as passive and active fire detection and extinguishing systems are key aspects in the design of the facilities and the emergency response. In this sense, operators must consider the specialty risks of hydrogen when defining the protection and systems. Planning based on continual improvement requires theoretical and practical training for key personnel, conducting drills, and simulations.

And, finally, at a higher management and operational level than crisis management and emergency plans themselves, business continuity plans will make it possible to identify the potential threats to plant operations and establish suitable continuity strategies to guarantee the resilience of the green hydrogen facilities.

Reliability and Maintenance

 Reliability and Maintenance

The integrity of a physical asset is its ability to carry out its functions effectively and efficiently, contributing to meeting the objectives of individuals, collectives,or interest groups, while preserving their status and conservation, safeguarding at all times the environment and safety.

This vision of the operational behavior of a particular piece of equipment, system, or facility is based on integrated management of the following aspects during the operational stage of the assets at a hydrogen plant:

Performance of the physical asset or level of effectiveness achieved by an asset in terms of availability (ability to meet the functional demand of the physical asset), reliability (ability of the asset not to fail to fulfill its functions), and maintenance (ability to preserve and recover the functionality of the physical asset in the event of degradation processes or damage).

Risk associated with operating the physical asset, which is the damage that could occur during a particular interval of time as a result of the appearance of damage, must be managed appropriately with a proactive approach that prioritizes preventive actions over reactive behaviors, minimizing negative impacts that could arise from that damage.

Incurred cost, used to obtain a sustainable profit over time, constantly generating revenue that exceeds the costs associated with undertaking the business activities.

Asset integrity requires adopting optimized maintenance and reliability strategies for the equipment, infrastructures, and safety barriers, with tools such as those established in standard ISO 55000 for facility optimization.

Each facility and operating environment requires an analysis process to define the activities, techniques, tools, and implementation sequence that is best suited to each case, taking into account the operational reality, objectives, interests, capability and resources, degree of organizational maturity, and available period of time.

For example, the following, among others, are highly useful and regularly used in the Oil&Gas and Energy industrial sectors, and are recommended by insurance companies:

RAM Studies (Reliability, availability, and maintainability), to quantify the probability of potential equipment failures, estimating the availability of the hydrogen generation plant and focusing maintenance actions with an optimal cost-to-profit ratio.

RCM Studies (Reliability-centered maintenance), used for optimal assignment of available resources for the maintenance of a facility, focusing on the most critical assets for the functionality of the facility and, as a result, for business continuity. RCM determines the type and level of maintenance that must be used for the equipment based on the risk associated with potential failures.

RBI Studies (Risk-based inspection), to monitor the status and evolution of the static components at the facility, based on conducting inspections to verify the mechanical status and integrity of the equipment based on the risk introduced by each element. It prescribes a series of inspections and tests to obtain as much information as possible on the remaining life of the elements and equipment.

An appropriate strategy of asset integrity and application of the tools will increase the reliability and availability of a hydrogen plant, minimizing risks and guaranteeing the return on investment made in its implementation.

Human Factor Risk Analysis

 Human Factor Risk Analysis

 The unfortunately well-known quarterly industrial accident analysis shows a clear lesson: in most of them, a crucial role is assigned to causes related to human error.

Despite that, paradoxically, the “human factor” has not played the relevant role that corresponds to it in the risk analyses until quite recently. The arrival of Human Factor Risk Analysis methodologies, such as the safety critical task analysis (SCTA), Human HAZOP, and other systemic approaches has alleviated this deficit to a certain extent. With tools like these, the apparent multiplicity of deviations that humans can introduce into the systems is configured through parameters, and the risk analysis is complemented, so that corrective and control measures are adopted (as shown in the example in Figure 8), minimizing the probability of anomalous behaviors (mistakes, distractions, lapses or violations) and, above all, minimizing the importance or consequences of those anomalous behaviors.

 It is therefore essential to understand the real determinants that could lead to failures in operations at the facilities (PIFs or Performance Influencing Factors). Human Factor Risk Analyses systematically analyze the deviations that operators can introduce into the system, taking into account the PIFs, assessing the anticipated consequences (accidental or otherwise), considering the available safeguards and defining the corrective and control measures that need to be introduced. These corrective measures to be introduced, which are the true reason behind conducting these analyses, can cover the implementation of process safety elements, indicators, relocation of equipment or controls, etc., and not only training and information or organizational measures.

Operational Safety- Green hydrogen

 Operational Safety

Operations require the implementation of process safety management systems that guarantee proper functioning of the assets. These systems are based on two key pillars: the organization’s commitment to safety and knowledge and management of the risks.

The common practice in the Oil&Gas and energy sectors is to adopt and implement Process Safety Management System (PSM) standards primarily to avoid the occurrence of accidents in facilities in which substances of a hazardous nature, such as hydrogen, are used, stored, produced, and/or handled.

PSM is based on the development and implementation of the following cornerstones of safety:

Achieving unwavering organizational and personal commitment and leadership in process and operational safety.

Understanding the risks and hazards deriving from the chemical processes to identify and assess

Managing risk with tools that enable monitoring, follow-up, alarms, as well as available and reliable safety barriers.

Learning from experience by incorporating the lessons learned in review and improvement.

PSM implementation will cover key aspects and issues related to safety in the life cycle of the facilities (Figure 7) such as:

Safe design, engineering, and construction

Hazard assessment

Efficient alarms

Effective process control

Appropriate procedures for commissioning and operational startup of facilities

Management of modifications

Inspection, testing, and maintenance of equipment

Personnel training

Relationship with providers and suppliers.

Communications in the organization and between its managers

Design Safety- Product Hydrogen

 Design Safety

In the design and engineering stage (conceptual, basic, and detail), the plants must be configured with intrinsic safety to reduce the risk both inside and out to a minimum. It is imperative in this stage to conduct an exhaustive risk analysis and apply proper techniques to manage all possible hazardous situations.

Various different tools (HAZID, HAZOP, SIL Analysis, LOPA, FMECA, QRA, BRA, FERA, FIRE&GAS, ALARP, BOW-TIE, ATEX, Human Factors Engineering, Human Factor Risk Analysis (Human HAZOP, SCTA), etc.) can be used depending on the particular engineering phase, the project being carried out, the end objective and the risk management policy which the project developer and engineering have defined as being appropriate for attaining these objectives. The application makes it possible throughout the life cycle of industrial facilities to obtain significant benefits in safety, such as:

Identifying hazardous situations originating internally or externally that can lead to a scenario of accidents, which involve hydrogen or other present substances, or in any of the operations in the plant construction and operations phase, including those caused by the Human Factor.

Assessing the damage caused by potential accidents, quantifying the effects and consequences on vulnerable elements (people, environment and assets)

Determining the probabilities of occurrence of the events indicating a hazardous situation and their different potential evolutions.

Quantifying and assessing the risks.

Identifying the preventive and mitigating safety barriers to roll out to control the risks at acceptable levels.

To name just a few practical examples of application of some of these tools for the design phase or best practices recommended by the insurance companies, and considering the properties of hydrogen mentioned above, we have the following analyses:

SIL analysis, which enables the design and implementation of the life cycle of the Safety-Related Systems (interlocks) in accordance with the best practices regulations on Functional Safety, for proper design, operation, and maintenance of these systems with safety and reliability criteria.

Fire&Gas, aimed at proper design and location of the fire and hydrogen detectors as a safety barrier to identify potential hazardous events at early stages, activate the necessary response mechanisms, and mitigate possible consequences. These Fire&Gas studies make it possible to ensure the different types of sensors are placed optimally, where the design of processing measurement signals and their transmission is very important, to activate protocols quickly and effectively.

FERA (Fire and Explosion Risk Assessment) is the most appropriate and optimal way of implementing and placing process equipment, particularly the critical equipment, based on the consequences and risks analyzed, determining their construction needs to support those adverse effects.

BRA (Building Risk Assessment), to define the best location of the buildings and control rooms, as well as the parameters for their structural design to guarantee their integrity in the event they are affected by values of excess pressure and/or thermal radiation that require a special level of production of the people and facility control systems they house.

ATEX Studies Classification of Hazardous Areas, Explosion Risk Assessments and Explosion Protection Document, in compliance with the obligation so of RD 681/03. Conducting studies of this type must consider the specific conditions of each facility, assessing in detail each possible source of ignition—one by one—in each classified area. As best practices, the implementation of NFC tags is starting to spread, including relevant information on the equipment, as well as in the area of ATEX, which facilitates the management of risks of explosion caused by electrical and mechanical equipment. Lastly, the assessment must take into account, again, the potential role of the human factor as the origin of sources of ignition.

Human Factors Engineering, to verify that the design of the new facilities: a) complies with prevention standards; b) meets ergonomic criteria; c) guarantees accessibility to critical elements in emergency situations; d) minimizes risks of accident potentially caused by the human factor; d) maximizes the operability of the facilities. Undertaking this type of analysis in the design phase (conceptual, basic and/or detail) eliminates the cost of implementing corrective measures once the facilities have been built and delivered. HFE can be conducted by including HFE specialists on the design teams, or by reviewing 3D models remotely for the projects as they are generated in the different phases of development of the Project engineering, or though HFE sessions, similar to the HAZOP sessions.

SAFETY IN THE GREEN HYDROGEN INDUSTRY

SAFETY IN THE GREEN HYDROGEN INDUSTRY

The role of green hydrogen within the framework of the European Commission’s strategy for the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the economy decarbonization process will be decisive.

This article focuses on the green hydrogen facilities. We will briefly analyze, given the characteristics and properties of hydrogen, how the applicable concept of safety must go beyond merely complying with the legal requirements, industrial regulations, technical norms or design standards. Doing that will require the experienced use of advanced tools to identify, assess and manage risks, which will serve as support for administration and decision-making.

The goal of all stakeholders involved in the industry associated with green hydrogen (operators, users, administration, insurance companies) is to attain the highest levels of safety: both in design and engineering, and in operation and maintenance, ensuring the minimization of accidents at the facilities and, as a result, operational and business continuity.

The production of hydrogen and the strategy of the European Commission

Today, 95% of the hydrogen produced in the EU is obtained primarily from steam-methane reforming with associated CO2 emissions (approximately 330 g CO2eq/kWhH2)2. It is known as gray hydrogen or “fossil-derived” in the strategy of the European Commission3.

This process can be complemented with CO2 capture, use and storage to obtain blue hydrogen, which has a 70% – 90% smaller carbon footprint. Most of the remaining 5% of the current production is obtained as a byproduct of the chlorine-caustic soda industry, which uses alkaline electrolyzers.

The electrolytic method has experienced very quick growth as a result of community and national policies. But to classify hydrogen as renewable (green), the electricity must have that characteristic, reaching carbon footprints of less than 30 g CO2eq/kWhH2. With a certain dose of reality, the Commission identifies “low-carbon hydrogen” as having a significantly small carbon footprint, whether produced by methane reforming with capture or by partially renewable electricity.

Today, hydrogen is used primarily at refineries to eliminate contaminants and produce quality products to meet demand (33%), manufacture ammonia (27%) and methanol (11%), and produce steel through direct reduction of iron minerals (3%). A total of 64% of the hydrogen production is onsite, captive, used in processes at the same factory.

The objective of the European Green Deal is to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions by 50% in 2030, which requires a rapid decarbonization process in the economy. To do that, among other lines of action, the European Commission the European Hydrogen Strategy (COM (2020) 301 final) published in July of this year, under which green hydrogen production with water electrolysis using renewable electricity is the key technology that will enable the penetration in the energy system of growing quantities of it in different forms known as Power-to-X.

This strategy aims to make hydrogen an intrinsic part of an integrated energy system that would have, in 2030, at least 40 GW of electrolyzers producing 10 million tons/year, and in which hydrogen would be the primary pillar of a decarbonized energy system and the raw material for industrial processes such as synthetic fuel manufacturing.

Figure 1 shows this concept, in which the resources for obtaining hydrogen are diverse, from natural gas and biomethane to renewable electricity. The priority is, of course, that most of the hydrogen should be renewable (green), obtained through electrolysis with wind-generated and solar electricity, as that is the option most compatible with the objective of climate neutrality by 2050.

What are the most relevant properties of hydrogen regarding safety and other fuels?

Hydrogen is a nontoxic, colorless, and odorless gas, classified as an extremely flammable gas according to the applicable regulations. In fact, to trigger the ignition of hydrogen, it takes 15 times less energy than for natural gas. And the range of concentrations in the air in which hydrogen is flammable, with a flame visible to the human eye, is 10 times greater than for gasoline.

It has a very low density. It is 14 times lighter than air and 22 times lighter than propane (Figure 2), and it dissipates very quickly. In case of leaks, it rises and dissipates quickly (at over 20m/s), unlike, for example, with propane leaks or other fuels, which tend to gather near the ground as they are denser than air. In any case, explosion risk assessments including the appropriate measures (equipment suited for use in classified atmospheres, ventilation, etc.) must be conducted to guarantee proper prevention of the risks of explosion.

Hydrogen combustion has some relevant unique characteristics.

The self-ignition temperature, the lowest temperature at which a substance ignites spontaneously without the need for a spark or flame, is very similar to that of natural gas and much higher than gasoline vapor (Figure 3), which is a benefit in terms of safety.

Additionally, hydrogen has a wide range of concentrations in the air in which ignition can occur (flammability range, between 4% and 75% by volume), much greater than that of other gaseous fuels (Figure 4). However, the concentration of hydrogen from which the mixture is flammable (the lower limit of flammability) is greater than the concentration of propane and gasoline vapors, which is also a point in its favor in terms of safety.

The required energy, in optimal combustion conditions, to start combustion is much lower than for other fuels. So just a small spark could initiate combustion (Figure 5), which must be taken into account when putting together equipment that can act as potential sources of ignition, despite the fact that the high rate of dissemination plays in our favor, when necessary.

Finally, hydrogen combustion produces a flame that is invisible to the human eye, so gas and flame detectors are used, along with heat vision cameras to detect it. The need for this equipment is significant because the thermal radiation produced does not produce a feeling of heat, as it is mostly in the UV range.

These analyzed properties give the industrial facilities that generate, process, and store hydrogen a certain level of risk associated with vulnerable elements (people, environment, and industrial facilities or assets), caused by undesired events, meaning it is necessary to provide sufficient safety barriers, as well as adequate risk management to avoid them or minimize their potential consequences.

Safety management in the green hydrogen industry

The main goal of all stakeholders involved in the industry associated with green hydrogen is to attain the highest levels of safety: both in design and engineering, and in operation and maintenance, ensuring the minimization of accidents at the facilities and, as a result, operational and business continuity.

Given the characteristics of hydrogen mentioned above, the applicable concept of safety must go beyond merely complying with the legal requirements, industrial regulations, technical norms or design standards. It also requires the experienced use of advanced tools to identify, assess, and manage risks as support for administration and decision-making.

This criterion is applied currently by the operators of facilities that produce hydrogen by other means (particularly the ‘gray hydrogen’ produced with methane vapor) in refining and the chemicals and petrochemicals industry. The arrival of new players in hydrogen production in different sectors undoubtedly requires replicating the high standards of safety put in practice by these activities.

To reach these high standards of safety, a brief discussion follows on the primary tools available and applicable in managing risks in the industry in the different stages of the life cycle at the facilities (Figure 6).

Many of them are not only common practices in the industry, rather they are requirements of the insurance industry designed to minimize the risks of an undesired event or inability or stoppage in the process causing damage or losses of production.

process of photosynthesis

 The process of photosynthesis in a simple and clear way. 

Here's a quick breakdown of the steps:

1. Water:

Absorbed by roots from the soil.

Travels through vessels in the stem to the leaves.

2. Carbon Dioxide:

Enters through tiny pores in the leaves called stomata.

Comes from the surrounding air.

3. Sunlight:

Absorbed by chlorophyll (a green pigment in leaves).

Energy from sunlight is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen.

4. Oxygen:

By-product of photosynthesis.

Released from the leaves into the air.

5. Glucose:

Made from hydrogen (from water) and carbon dioxide.

Used by the plant as food for growth and energy.

Extra Fact:

Photosynthesis helps maintain the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

REGARDS, AgriHarvest Hub -agriculturist

#photosynthesis

Ammonia: an immediate solution to naval decarbonization

Ammonia: an immediate solution to naval decarbonization

Ammonia, traditionally used in agriculture and industry, currently has very important potential as naval fuel. In this article we analyze the challenges facing technological adaptation and its role in decarbonizing the maritime sector.

We are grateful to José Ramón Freire, general manager of the Spanish Association for Renewable Ammonia for his collaboration in the preparation of this article.

The International Maritime Organization is committed to United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 13 (climate action), which seeks to combat climate change and its effects. In the context of maritime activity, this means taking measures to improve the energy efficiency of seagoing vessels. The adoption of renewable ammonia as a fuel could be key to achieving decarbonization across the industry, although this entails overcoming certain changes and adaptations.

“When we talk about alternative fuels compared to conventional ones, one of the most delicate aspects to consider is what is known as bunkering, which is the logistical processes for storing and supplying this fuel, since logistics infrastructure implementation processes are often difficult and costly,” explains the expert.

However, the overall availability of this product (present in more than 120 ports) and its physical conditions (it’s transported in a liquid state at ambient temperature with relatively low pressures to facilitate handling) mean that ammonia has a few advantages over other fuels such as liquid natural gas (LNG) or hydrogen. As Freire states: “A big plus with ammonia is that it doesn’t require a biogenic CO2 source and has established logistics in place, which means it’s a very viable option.”

The challenges facing ammonia as a viable alternative solution

As mentioned, a large proportion of port infrastructures already has the right systems in place to properly store ammonia, giving it an edge over other fuels. However, making ammonia work on board maritime vessels can be more complex. “Technological developments in dual combustion engines or even completely new solutions are required for ammonia fuel to be a feasible option,” notes Freire.

One of the main obstacles ammonia faces is its cost, especially when it’s produced as a renewable from green hydrogen. The process is more costly than it is for fossil fuels, and a greater amount of product is required to replace the one obtained from gray hydrogen. This means that the industries currently using ammonia will initially be competing against each other for supplies. Despite these difficulties, Freire points out that this challenge could be an opportunity: “As renewable ammonia production escalates, costs should decrease, which will facilitate its adoption as a large-scale fuel.”

One of the measures proposed by the expert to enhance its competitiveness is to implement subsidies, differential taxation and other incentives that can help reduce the price and encourage broader adoption use, as well as international regulatory agreements: “Although Spain is comparatively competitive in green hydrogen production, the price is still triple that of fossil hydrogen,” he explained.

Technical and security challenges

The use of ammonia fuel is not exempt from technical risks and challenges. Similar to what happens with LNG, which was first used in large tankers, shipping companies using ammonia-powered vessels are at the forefront of this promising future and transport the product with great knowledge and security. To facilitate wider use, they are requesting ammonia-propelled solutions from engine manufacturers look, who are initially responding with methanol-powered engines, since it requires less technological effort to adapt. However, the disadvantage is that it is not as widely available in ports.

In any case, this is a long-term project. Although the vessels currently transporting ammonia are able to handle the transport aspect correctly, additional development is required to get to this stage with commercial vessels. “Getting ammonia recognized and used as a global fuel will take time, awareness-raising and training. Being number one doesn’t come easily. In this innovation, adaptation and decarbonization race, the most advanced and committed players – shipping companies, ports, shipyards and technologists – will be those who strengthen their leadership position,” he insisted.

The proof that ammonia can be a technical and operational alternative is found in milestones such as that achieved by the Fortescue Green Pioneer, the first ammonia-powered oceangoing vessel. “This progress will encourage other engine manufacturers and ship owners to invest in adapted propulsion technologies. It’s a notable success in demonstrating that we’re talking about a scalable and economically viable solution,” says Freire.

The future of the ammonia market

Ammonia as marine fuel is making progress, and in the short term it’s likely that we will see more and more green vessels and prototype ships, most likely linked to the transport of the product itself. “There will be competition between ammonia, methanol and LNG, and achieving the necessary scale will require the definition and prioritization of alternatives by sector,” asserts Freire. When these first advances materialize, greater international regulation will be required to generate the necessary incentives to reduce costs and increase production.

The consolidation of ammonia as a fuel in the maritime sector goes hand in hand with technological advances. “Developing cheaper and less energy-intensive production methods, efficient and clean engines, in addition to improving and standardizing the handling ammonia to mitigate operational and environmental risks are all vital pieces of the puzzle,” the expert states. He also asserts that for this to happen, rigorous analysis and determined support are essential, which will involve collaboration between governments, international bodies, the maritime industry and the scientific community.

 

A HAZOP (Hazard and Operability) study for a green hydrogen plant systematically analyzes potential hazards and operability issues to ensure safe and efficient operation, identifying risks and proposing mitigation measures.

 A HAZOP (Hazard and Operability) study for a green hydrogen plant systematically analyzes potential hazards and operability issues to ensure safe and efficient operation, identifying risks and proposing mitigation measures. 

Here's a more detailed explanation:

What is a HAZOP study?

A HAZOP study is a structured and systematic examination of a process or operation to identify potential hazards and operability problems that could affect personnel safety, equipment integrity, or operational efficiency. 

Why is it crucial for green hydrogen plants?

Green hydrogen production involves complex processes, including water electrolysis and the handling of hydrogen, which can be flammable and pose safety risks. A HAZOP study helps identify these risks and develop strategies to mitigate them. 

How does it work?

A multidisciplinary team, including engineers, safety professionals, and operators, uses a systematic approach, often involving "guide words" (e.g., no, more, less, different) to analyze deviations from the intended process design. 

What are the benefits?

Improved safety: By identifying potential hazards early, a HAZOP study can help prevent accidents and injuries. 

Enhanced operability: It can identify problems that could hinder the plant's ability to operate efficiently and reliably. 

Reduced risks: Mitigation measures developed during the HAZOP study can help reduce the likelihood and severity of potential hazards. 

Cost savings: By addressing potential problems early, HAZOP studies can help avoid costly repairs, downtime, and regulatory penalties. 

Example

iFluids Engineering conducted a HAZOP study for a green hydrogen project at Jindal Stainless Limited, Hesar [6].

Next Steps:

Implementation of recommendations from the HAZOP study will reduce risks and ensure a safer and more reliable operation. 

Liquid ammonia's properties, including its high latent heat of vaporization and relatively low boiling point

 In an ammonia absorption refrigeration system, liquid ammonia's properties, including its high latent heat of vaporization and relatively low boiling point, are crucial for the system's operation, enabling cooling in the evaporator, condensation in the condenser, and regeneration in the generator. 

Here's a breakdown of how these properties are utilized:

Latent Heat of Vaporization:

Ammonia has a high latent heat of vaporization, meaning it absorbs a significant amount of heat when it transitions from liquid to gas (evaporates). This heat is drawn from the surroundings, causing the cooling effect in the evaporator. 

Boiling Point:

Ammonia's boiling point is relatively low (around -33.3°C at atmospheric pressure), allowing for refrigeration at temperatures below 0°C without requiring pressures below atmospheric in the evaporator. 

Absorption Refrigeration Cycle:

Evaporator: Liquid ammonia, at a low pressure and temperature, evaporates in the evaporator, absorbing heat from the surrounding area (e.g., inside a refrigerator). 

Condenser: The ammonia vapor is then compressed and passed through a condenser, where it releases heat and condenses back into a liquid state. 

Generator: In an absorption system, a weak solution of ammonia in water is pumped to a generator where it is heated, causing the ammonia to vaporize and separate from the water. 

Absorber: The ammonia vapor is then absorbed in the absorber by water, forming a strong solution of ammonia in water. 

Expansion Valve: The high-pressure liquid ammonia is then throttled through an expansion valve, reducing its pressure and temperature, and it is ready to enter the evaporator again. 

The critical relative humidity (CRH) of urea, the point at which it begins to absorb moisture from the atmosphere, is around 72.5% at 30°C.

 The critical relative humidity (CRH) of urea, the point at which it begins to absorb moisture from the atmosphere, is around 72.5% at 30°C. 

Here's a more detailed explanation:

What is CRH?

The critical relative humidity (CRH) is the relative humidity level at which a substance (like urea) starts to absorb moisture from the surrounding air. 

Why is it important?

Understanding the CRH of urea is crucial for proper storage and handling, as moisture absorption can lead to caking, reduced quality, and other problems. 

Urea's CRH:

The CRH for urea is approximately 72.5% at 30°C. 

Other fertilizers:

It's worth noting that other fertilizers, like ammonium nitrate, have different CRH values. 

Mixtures

The CRH of a mixture of urea and ammonium nitrate is lower than either of the individual materials 

Temperature effect

The CRH value can vary slightly depending on the temperature. 

Caking

Above the CRH, urea will absorb moisture, which can lead to particles becoming soft, sticky, and caking together. 

Solubility

Urea is highly soluble in water, which contributes to its tendency to absorb moisture. 

Ethanol project: Uttar Pradesh CM Yogi Adityanath inaugurates distillery plant worth Rs 1,200 crore in Gorakhpur

Ethanol project: Uttar Pradesh CM Yogi Adityanath inaugurates distillery plant worth Rs 1,200 crore in Gorakhpur

By ChiniMandi -Monday, 7 April 2025

Uttar Pradesh CM Yogi Adityanath inaugurates distillery plant in Gorakhpur.

Gorakhpur (Uttar Pradesh): Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath on Sunday inaugurated a grain-based distillery plant worth Rs 1,200 crore under the super mega project at the Gorakhpur Industrial Development Authority (GIDA).

Addressing the event, Chief Minister Adityanath said, this is not just a Distillery, but an ethanol plant and will produce 350,000 litres of ethanol daily in first phase, with plans to increase production to 500,000 litres later on.

“This is not just a Distillery, but an ethanol plant. Ethanol is being brought to use to fuel not just cars, but also aeroplanes. Replacing diesel and petrol with ethanol will save foreign expenditure and also benefit the farmers. In the first phase, 3.50 lakh litres of ethanol will be produced here daily, and this will increase to 5 lakh litres,” CM Yogi said.

Chief Minister Adityanath said that ethanol production has increased from 42 lakh liters to 177 crore liters since Prime Minister Narendra Modi approved the production of ethanol from surplus sugarcane.

“Ethanol is now being used to save foreign exchange, with plans to power not just cars but also airplanes. India currently spends Rs 7-8 lakh crore on diesel and petrol imports. After Prime Minister Modi took office, he prioritized farmers’ welfare, approving ethanol production from surplus sugarcane. This initiative has led to a significant increase in ethanol production in Uttar Pradesh, from 42 lakh liters to 177 crore liters, primarily used for blending with diesel and petrol, thereby saving foreign exchange,” CM Yogi said.

Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath highlighted the transformation under BJP’s leadership in Gorakhpur Industrial Development Authority (GIDA), noting that it has attracted over Rs 15,000 crore in investments, reversing a previous lack of interest in industrial setup.

“This is the same GIDA where no one was willing to set up industries earlier. Over the past 8 years, we’ve attracted over Rs 15,000 crore in investments, providing jobs to 50,000 youth. Many industries have arrived, and new ones like garment parks are emerging. Many people come to me in Lucknow and express their desire to invest in Gorakhpur and GIDA. This shows that people have now realized that Uttar Pradesh, particularly Gorakhpur, has become a secure destination for investment,” CM Yogi said.

(With inputs from ANI)

 

 

Using a damaged full body safety harness (FBSH) is extremely dangerous, especially when working at heights. Here are key safety precautions:

 Using a damaged full body safety harness (FBSH) is extremely dangerous, especially when working at heights. Here are key safety precautions:

1. Inspect Before Use – Always check the harness for frayed straps, cuts, loose stitching, or rusted/damaged buckles.

2. Avoid Using a Damaged Harness – If any damage is found, immediately remove it from service and replace it.

3. Follow Manufacturer Guidelines – Each harness has a weight and usage limit; never exceed these limits.

4. Check Load-Bearing Points – Ensure D-rings, buckles, and lanyard attachments are intact and functional.

5. Proper Storage – Store in a dry, clean place away from chemicals and sunlight to prevent degradation.

6. Train Workers – Educate workers on the importance of inspecting and properly using harnesses.

7. Tag and Report – If a harness is damaged, label it as “Do Not Use” and report it to the supervisor.

8. Regular Maintenance – Conduct periodic inspections as per OSHA or safety standards.

A damaged harness can fail unexpectedly, leading to serious injuries or fatalities. Always prioritize safety!

#WorkplaceSafety

#StaySafe

#SafetyFirst

#SafetyMatters

#SafeWork

#WorkAtHeight

#FallProtection

#HeightSafety

#HarnessSafety

#ScaffoldingSafety

#ConstructionSafety

#IndustrialSafety

#PPEsavesLives

#SiteSafety

#SafeConstruction

#RiskAssessment

#EmergencyPreparedness

#SafetyTraining

#FirstAidReady

#HazardPrevention

Hot work and fire watch training equips personnel with the knowledge and skills to safely perform tasks involving heat or sparks and to prevent fires,

 Hot work and fire watch training equips personnel with the knowledge and skills to safely perform tasks involving heat or sparks and to prevent fires, including identifying hazards, implementing safety protocols, and understanding fire watch duties. 

Key aspects of hot work and fire watch training:

Identifying Hot Work:

Understanding what constitutes hot work, such as welding, cutting, grinding, and brazing, which can generate heat or sparks. 

Hazard Recognition:

Recognizing potential hazards associated with hot work, including ignition sources, flammable materials, and the need for fire prevention measures. 

Safety Procedures:

Implementing and following established safety procedures for hot work, including obtaining permits, preparing the work area, and using appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE). 

Fire Watch Duties:

Understanding the role and responsibilities of a fire watch, including monitoring the work area for signs of fire, maintaining a safe distance, and knowing how to use fire extinguishers. 

Fire Prevention:

Implementing fire prevention measures, such as clearing the work area of flammable materials, using fire-resistant blankets, and ensuring proper functioning of fire suppression equipment. 

Fire Extinguisher Use:

Learning how to use different types of fire extinguishers for various fire classes (A, B, C, D). 

Emergency Response:

Knowing how to respond to a fire, including raising the alarm, evacuating the area, and contacting emergency services. 

Permit System:

Understanding the importance of hot work permits and the procedures for obtaining and using them. 

Legal and Regulatory Compliance:

Being aware of relevant safety standards and regulations, such as OSHA and NFPA guidelines for hot work safety. 

Site Evaluation:

Inspecting the work area for potential fire hazards and ensuring that the area is safe for hot work operations. 

Monitoring During Hot Work:

Continuously monitoring the work area during and after hot work activities to ensure that no fires develop. 

Incipient Fire Fighting:

Learning how to extinguish small, contained fires using appropriate methods and equipment. 

Grounding and Bonding:

Understanding the principles of grounding and bonding to prevent electrical hazards during hot work. 

Intrinsically Safe and Explosion Proof:

Understanding the terms "intrinsically safe" and "explosion proof" and their relevance to hot work safety. 

Personal Protective Equipment:

Understanding the importance of wearing appropriate PPE, such as gloves, eye protection, and flame-resistant clothing. 

Column vs piling

 In structural engineering, a column is a vertical structural member that transfers compressive loads from a structure above to a foundation, while piling (or pile foundations) involves driving or boring vertical piles (like columns) deep into the ground to support a structure, especially in areas with weak soil. 

Here's a more detailed breakdown:

Columns:

Function:

Columns are vertical load-bearing members that transfer compressive loads from beams, slabs, or other structural elements to the foundation. 

Location:

Columns are typically located above ground, forming part of the structure's superstructure. 

Materials:

Common materials for columns include concrete, steel, and masonry. 

Purpose:

Columns provide structural support and stability to buildings and other structures. 

Piling (Pile Foundations):

Function:

Piling involves driving or boring piles (which can be considered as long, slender columns) into the ground to support a structure, especially when the soil at the surface is weak or unsuitable for direct foundation.

Location:

Piles are typically driven or bored below ground level, forming the foundation of the structure.

Materials:

Piles can be made of timber, steel, or reinforced concrete.

Purpose:

Piles transfer the loads from the structure to deeper, stronger soil strata. 

Shree Ram Navami

 

RECs, or Renewable Energy Certificates, are all about the environmental benefits of electricity produced from renewable sources like solar, wind, hydro, biomass, and geothermal energy. These certificates are essential for boosting the solar industry, acting as a financial motivator for solar power producers.

 Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) Market worth $45.45 billion by 2030

According to a new research report, the global Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) Market is projected to grow from USD 27.99 billion in 2025 to USD 45.45 billion by 2030 at a CAGR of 10.2% during the forecast period. Majority of the countries are expected to develop REC trading platforms, making access and trading more convenient. The market is primarily driven by the growing corporate emphasis on sustainability to align with consumer preferences and increasing national disclosure requirements. Additionally, long-term factors such as corporate interest in Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) and evolving regulations reinforce renewable energy certificates (RECs) as the key instrument for legitimately claiming renewable energy usage.

Key Market Players

3Degrees, Inc. (US),

EDF Trading Limited (UK),

Shell Energy (UK),

ENGIE (France),

Enel Spa (Italy),

Ecohz (Norway),

Statkraft (Norway),

STX Group (Netherlands), among others...

The solar power, by energy type, is expected to be the most significant energy type market during the forecast period

RECs, or Renewable Energy Certificates, are all about the environmental benefits of electricity produced from renewable sources like solar, wind, hydro, biomass, and geothermal energy. These certificates are essential for boosting the solar industry, acting as a financial motivator for solar power producers. As the world moves more decisively to cleaner forms of energy, so will RECs take on greater importance in this transition. With RECs, stakeholders can hence move towards a more sustainable future and speed up the use of renewable energy solutions.

1,001-5,000 KWH, by capacity, is expected to grow at the second-highest CAGR during the forecast period

The renewable energy certificate (REC) market is witnessing consistent expansion across all capacity segments, fueled by the growing global emphasis on sustainable energy adoption. In this segment, above 5,000 KWh capacity continues to lead, reflecting uptake among industrial and commercial entities. The next growing segment is 1,001-5,000 KWh, since increasing businesses are taking advantage of the capacity while still pursuing their sustainability objectives. The segments having a capacity of less than 1,000 KWh are growing a bit faster because smaller consumers, which include residential and small commercial consumers, are also becoming aware of and taking up renewables. Thus, it is market growth driven by the combined support of income generation, corporate sustainability practices, and a change towards cleaner sources of energy.

Clariant's new AmoMax®-Casale ammonia synthesis catalyst: excellent results in first three commercial references

Clariant's new AmoMax®-Casale ammonia synthesis catalyst: excellent results in first three commercial references

The new AmoMax-Casale catalyst has been successfully installed in three ammonia synthesis plants to date: Nutrien, Mosaic and Yara Sluiskil

All three sites confirm superior catalyst performance, reduced production costs and lower CO2 emissions

Jointly developed by Clariant and Casale, AmoMax-Casale offers up to 30% higher activity

MUNICH, June 27, 2023 - Clariant’s efforts to foster the energy transition show next great results. The new AmoMax-Casale ammonia synthesis catalyst has proven itself in all of its first three industrial references. Jointly developed by Clariant and Casale, the catalyst features exceptional activity, stability, and energy efficiency. These benefits have been confirmed at the ammonia production facilities of Nutrien in Trinidad and Tobago, Mosaic in the USA, and YARA Sluiskil in the Netherlands. Based on plant data, all sites report superior catalyst performance with significant reductions in energy and production costs. At the same time, lower carbon dioxide emissions have greatly improved the sustainability of the plants. With ammonia considered to play an important role in a future hydrogen eco-system, a high-performing, energy-efficient ammonia synthesis catalyst, like AmoMax-Casale.

Georg Anfang, Vice President Syngas and Fuels at Clariant Catalysts, stated, “The implementation of AmoMax-Casale in several units with different designs and process requirements not only confirms the excellence of our innovative catalyst, but also its flexibility. Currently, more than 70% of ammonia produced is used by fertilizer manufacturers, but as ammonia becomes increasingly important as an energy carrier and fuel, AmoMax-Casale can also play a decisive role in facilitating the energy transition.”

Ermanno Filippi, CTO at Casale, added, “Our advanced ammonia converter has already demonstrated its strong impact on plant productivity, energy consumption and emissions. By combining it with our jointly developed innovative AmoMax-Casale catalyst, we are now able to help our customers achieve even greater plant performance.”

AmoMax-Casale is the customized evolution of Clariant’s industry-proven AmoMax 10 catalyst series with more than 120 references worldwide. The new catalyst has been specifically optimized for Casale ammonia converters resulting in an up to 30% enhanced efficiency index.

The first industrial application of AmoMax-Casale was in 2021 at Nutrien’s ammonia production plant in Trinidad and Tobago. The facility now realizes energy savings of approximately US$ 500,000 per year, as well as an annual reduction in CO2 emissions of 4,700 MT. The second AmoMax-Casale customer was Mosaic in Louisiana. After the revamp, the plant is benefitting from a significantly lower operating pressure (12% lower), and a higher ammonia concentration at the outlet (9% higher), demonstrating the excellent performances of the catalyst and the new ammonia converter. The latest application of the catalyst was at Yara Sluiskil in their 1200 MTPD ammonia plant in the Netherlands. The catalyst was activated within just 2.5 days and is performing well.

The advantages of the AmoMax-Casale catalyst were also recognized by two awards: The Swiss Chemical Society’s Sandmeyer Award 2021 and the prestigious ICIS Innovation Award 2020 for “Best Sustainable Process”. Furthermore, Casale’s ammonia technology and the AmoMax-Casale catalyst have been selected for multiple green ammonia projects, underlining both companies strive to accelerate the energy transition.

Casale and Clariant jointly developed the AmoMax-Casale catalyst,

 Casale and Clariant jointly developed the AmoMax-Casale catalyst, a customized evolution of the AmoMax 10 catalyst, specifically designed for use in Casale ammonia converters and green ammonia production, offering higher activity and efficiency.

Here's a more detailed breakdown of the AmoMax-Casale catalyst:

Joint Development:

Casale and Clariant collaborated to develop the AmoMax-Casale catalyst, tailored for use in Casale ammonia converters.

Customized Evolution:

It's a customized version of Clariant's well-known AmoMax 10 catalyst, retaining its superior resistance to aging, poisoning, and mechanical strength.

Enhanced Activity:

AmoMax-Casale boasts significantly higher activity, with an optimized promoter package leading to a larger active surface area and improved diffusion properties.

Efficiency Gains:

This results in a 30% higher efficiency index compared to the wustite-based reference catalyst, allowing for reduced loop pressure and recycle rates, or increased ammonia production.

Green Ammonia Focus:

The catalyst is specifically designed for green ammonia production, utilizing hydrogen derived from water electrolysis with renewable energy and pure nitrogen from an air separation unit.

Awards and Recognition:

The AmoMax-Casale catalyst has been recognized with two awards: The Swiss Chemical Society's Sandmeyer Award 2021 and the ICIS Innovation Award 2020 for "Best Sustainable Process".

Applications:

The catalyst has been selected for multiple green ammonia projects, including a major project in Australia by The Hydrogen Utility.

Sustainability:

By using the AmoMax-Casale catalyst, green ammonia producers can expect maximum yields with minimum operating expenses, contributing to a more sustainable and efficient ammonia production process.

Casale's FlexAMMONIA:

Casale's FlexAMMONIA technology, which utilizes the AmoMax-Casale catalyst, is a cutting-edge solution for large-scale green ammonia synthesis plants, designed with a focus on energy efficiency and reliability.

India's Largest Green Ammonia Complex:

Casale has been chosen as the technology partner for the conversion of two grey ammonia plants into what is set to become the largest green ammonia complex in India, using the AmoMax-Casale catalyst and FlexAMMONIA technology.

Ammonia Synthesis Reaction:

Ammonia is synthesized industrially through the Haber process, which involves reacting a nitrogen molecule with three hydrogen molecules over a bed of catalyst, typically iron-based.

Green Ammonia Production:

Green ammonia is produced from renewable energy, water, and air-captured nitrogen, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional ammonia production.

Hydrogen Carrier:

Green ammonia can serve as a highly efficient hydrogen carrier, facilitating the transport of hydrogen over long distances via existing infrastructure.

Perovskite-based catalysts

 Perovskite-based catalysts, with their unique crystal structure and tunable properties, are emerging as promising materials for various catalytic applications, including NOx storage and reduction, ammonia production, water splitting, and CO2 reduction.

Here's a more detailed look:

Key Characteristics and Applications:

Versatile Catalysis:

Perovskites, with the general formula ABX3, exhibit structural flexibility and tunable electronic properties, making them suitable for a wide range of catalytic processes.

NOx Storage and Reduction (NSR):

Perovskites are being investigated for their potential in NSR systems, which are used in diesel engines to reduce NOx emissions.

Ammonia Production:

Perovskite-based catalysts are emerging as efficient and sustainable solutions for ammonia production, offering superior catalytic activity and enhanced stability.

Water Splitting:

Perovskite oxides are promising catalysts for water splitting, a process that generates hydrogen fuel, due to their structural and compositional flexibility, adjustable electronic structure, environmental friendliness, and chemical durability.

CO2 Reduction:

Perovskite-based electrocatalysts are being explored for efficient CO2 reduction, a process that converts CO2 into valuable chemicals and fuels.

Environmental Catalysis:

Perovskite catalysts are being used in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater, and for the treatment of automotive gas exhaust and environmental clean air applications.

Syngas Upgrading:

Perovskite-based catalysts are being investigated for syngas upgrading, a process that converts syngas (a mixture of CO and H2) into valuable chemicals and fuels.

Reforming Catalysts:

Ni-based perovskites, particularly LaNiO3, have gained significant attention as reforming catalysts in recent years.

Oxygen Mobility:

Perovskites are known for their oxygen sublattice mobility, which plays a beneficial role in partial oxidation reactions.

Exsolved Perovskite Catalysts:

Exsolved perovskite catalysts, which are prepared by removing a metal component from the perovskite structure, offer benefits such as structural stability, strong metal support interaction, oxygen storage capacity, and active small particle size with good dispersion.

Advantages of Perovskite Catalysts:

Stability:

Perovskites are known for their high thermal and chemical stability, which is crucial for long-term catalytic performance.

Tunable Properties:

The composition of perovskites can be tailored to optimize their catalytic activity and selectivity for specific reactions.

Cost-Effectiveness:

Perovskites are often composed of earth-abundant elements, making them a cost-effective alternative to noble metal catalysts.

Enhanced Dispersion:

Perovskites can enhance the dispersion of active sites, leading to improved catalytic performance.

Resistant to Deactivation:

Perovskites can resist metal sintering and coke deposition, which are common causes of catalyst deactivation.